RCTs are analyzed according to the intention to treat (ITT) principle and the per protocol (PP) approach. The authors explained how ITT aims to assess the effect of assigning a drug and how the PP analysis investigates the effect of receiving an assigned treatment. Both analyses are valid but have different scopes and interpretations depending on the context.

This invited review article describes the adenine model of chronic kidney disease in rodents and compares its features with other rodent models of kidney disease.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of experimental adriamycin nephropathy, including analysis of its strengths and weaknesses, pathogenic mechanisms and practical advice on how best to perform this animal model of chronic kidney disease.

This article discusses the different types of selection bias and information bias that are found in studies, indicate the type of studies where they most frequently occur and proposes suggestions for their prevention.

Oxidative stress is an important mechanism of injury in chronic kidney disease. Potential pathways of oxidative stress mediating kidney injury are discussed.